Another European country prominent in
implantology was Spain. Vallespin undertook innovative changes in the
technical sub-implant periosteal, and introduced concepts in force today, such
as the incision outside the alveolar ridge to perfectly cover the implant. In Madrid,
Trobo Hermosa conducted the technique described in his own words as the
"immediate reintroduction of aloplastic metal roots." In this technique, following a tooth
extraction and careful hemostasis of the wound, amalgam filled in the alveoli
dry gum to the edge. Then a device to
retain the prosthesis is introduced. In
1954, Murillo placed several intra acrylic implants that failed. In 1956, Salagaray made his first yuxta-bone
implants. In 1957 the design of the
intra-bone implant was changed, the implant devising a prismatic hollow. Two years later the Spanish Society of
Implantology was founded, one of the world's oldest, and in 1967 Fundamental Concepts of Endoimplantologia was
written, the first book in Spanish in this regard.
The work of Adell is directed towards the same
vein. In 1982 he presented the results
of long-term clinical trials on a sample of 2768 implants, placed in 371of 410
patients’ jaws. Contemporaneously,
Schroder developed the concept of ankylosis,
functionally equivalent to osseointegration. This further helped to develop a system of implants
that are known as ITI Bonefit.
With the publication of the work of Branemark in 1965, implantology experienced
a very substantial change. The discovery
was later applied to a revolutionary implant system, validated at the University of Goteborg, with pre-clinical and clinical
studies of long duration.
During the First World War military hospitals
inserted screws, nails and plates, though almost all failed. Venable and Strock, in 1937, published its
study on the treatment of fractures with prostheses and implants made with a
new material, Vitallium, an alloy of cobalt, chromium and molybdenum. Dentistry will take advantage of this
experience and will emerge with two classic schools: the subperiosteal of
Swedish Dahl, and the intraosseous of Strock, although its true forerunner was
the Italian Formiggini.
Dahl was unable to develop his work in Sweden, as the health authorities
banned it (1943). In 1948 Gerschkoffr
Goldberg and his American disciples published their results with vitalium
implants. In Europe,
implantology spread quickly. In the
fifties, Italy
was working on the juxtaosseous implant, whose main representative was
Marzini. The process was carried out as
follows: opened, the impression of bone and mouth was taken, was reopened and
was placed Tantalum infrastructure.
Formiggini designed an intra-bone spiral implant, of Tantalum initially
and then of Vitali, which had many followers.
Other key characters in the history of
implantology are: Santino Suros who designed an implant level intra-bone, Cosme
Salomo who developed an endo-bone area implant, and Irigoyen and Borrell, with
their universal implant depth of stainless steel.
The decade of the sixties was dominated by the work of Linkow, who developed
the implant screw that prevailed until the eighties.
At a conference at Harvard in 1978, experimental studies of Goteborg of the Swedish group were presented,
led by PI Branemark and T. Albrektsson.
In 1952, Professor Branemark began conducting an investigation, with
microscopic studies in vitro bone marrow in the fibula rabbit, to better
understand vascularization after bone injuries. In the study a titanium camera
lens was introduced into the bone of the rabbit. Upon attempts to withdraw this, it was found
to be impossible because the titanium structure was built entirely on the bone
and tissue was mineralized, completely consistent with micro-irregularities in
the surface of titanium. This fact was called osseointegration. Since then
studies have been conducted to rehabilitate toothless animals, which proved
effective, as did the idea of creating a substitute for the root of the teeth
that were anchored in the bone.
In 1967, Shahaus
developed ceramic implants and Linkow, with the threaded screw, contributed to
Ventplant, a self-tapping implant screw.
In 1968, based on prior experience, an endo-implant appeared, better
known as a laminar implant, made of lightweight titanium and resistant to
corrosion. In 1970, Roberts and Roberts
designed the Endo-implant bone "foil branch," and the following year,
Salomo had an idea for the implant area, consisting of a cylindrical area and a
scion of tantalum. In 1973, Grenoble placed the first
implant of vitreous carbon.
Another type of design is the IMZ osseointegrated implants or Intra Movil
Zylinder, developed from research at a university in Germany. These are cylindrical, not threaded, implants
with surface treatment based on a plasma and titanium device with broken-force
on the implant, trying to remedy the resilience of the periodontal ligament. In the early eighties, Calcitek Corporation
developed the calcitita, hydroxyapatite polycrystalline ceramics.
Since the decade of the nineties, the implant has established itself as a new
discipline within the surgical field of estomatology. Today, dental implant treatment for patients
is considered a surgical procedure-prosthodontic predictable.
The increased demands for implants and the continuing advances in this field
have enabled the development and refinement of the implants, prosthetic devices
and surgical procedures such as bone regeneration techniques and the
manipulation of soft tissues, thus improving the conditions for receiving
implants and their subsequent maintenance.
History dental implants 20th century